ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a poorly understood non-stroke central neurological manifestation in anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that plays an important role in neural plasticity and could potentially be a biomarker of CD in primary APS (PAPS). The aim of the study is to assess CD in PAPS patients and to evaluate its association with clinical data, anti-phospholipid antibodies and serum BDNF levels. METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared 44 PAPS patients and 20 healthy controls matched for age, gender and education. PAPS patients and controls underwent a standardized cognitive examination. The demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients were recorded. Serum BDNF was measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent. RESULTS: Fourteen (31.8%) of the 44 patients with PAPS had CD compared with only one (5%) healthy control (P =0.019). PAPS patients presented lower serum BDNF levels when compared with controls (P =0.007). Lower levels of BDNF were associated with CD in PAPS patients (P =0.032). In the univariate analysis, a positive association was found between CD and livedo reticularis, deep vein thrombosis, stroke, seizure, smoking as well as a negative association with Mini Mental State Examination and serum BDNF. According to multivariate analysis, the only independent predictor of CD in PAPS was stroke (OR 137.06; 95% CI: 4.73, 3974.32; P =0.004). CONCLUSIONS: CD is commonly reported in PAPS patients; however, its assessment lacks in standards and objective screening tests. The association between CD and low serum BDNF suggests that this neurotrophin can be a promising biomarker for PAPS cognitive impairment.
Subject(s)
Antiphospholipid Syndrome/blood , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/blood , Cognitive Dysfunction/blood , Adult , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/blood , Antiphospholipid Syndrome/complications , Biomarkers/blood , Brazil/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stroke/complications , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A 4.5-year follow-up study was conducted to characterize baseline verbal episodic memory (VEM) and its behavior and to assess the effects of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) on this domain. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with RRMS underwent two neuropsychological assessments performed an average of 4.5 years apart. Twenty-six control participants underwent a single neuropsychological assessment. A significance level of p < 0.005 was adopted to denote a significant difference between the groups on the Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon paired statistical analyses. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found in the results of the VEM tests between the first and second neuropsychological assessments of the patients. However, a statistical difference was evident between the patient and control groups in the results of the VEM tests. CONCLUSION: The patient group showed changes in the VEM relative to the control group. After approximately 4.5 years of disease, the patient performance on the VEM stabilized or improved.
Subject(s)
Memory Disorders/etiology , Memory, Episodic , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/physiopathology , Neuropsychological Tests , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young AdultABSTRACT
Objective Cognitive dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis. The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) was developed to assess cognitive functions most-frequently impaired in multiple sclerosis. However, normative values are lacking in Brazil. Therefore, we aimed to provide continuous and discrete normative values for the BRB-N in a Brazilian population sample. Methods We recruited 285 healthy individuals from the community at 10 Brazilian sites and applied the BRB-N version A in 237 participants and version B in 48 participants. Continuous norms were calculated with multiple-regression analysis. Results Mean raw scores and the 5th percentile for each neuropsychological measure are provided, stratified by age and educational level. Healthy participants' raw scores were converted to scaled scores, which were regressed on age, sex and education, yielding equations that can be used to calculate predicted scores. Conclusion Our normative data allow a more widespread use of the BRB-N in clinical practice and research.
Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Brazil , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Reference Standards , Reference Values , Regression Analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Sex Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young AdultABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: A 4.5-year follow-up study was conducted to characterize baseline verbal episodic memory (VEM) and its behavior and to assess the effects of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) on this domain. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with RRMS underwent two neuropsychological assessments performed an average of 4.5 years apart. Twenty-six control participants underwent a single neuropsychological assessment. A significance level of p < 0.005 was adopted to denote a significant difference between the groups on the Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon paired statistical analyses. Results: No statistical difference was found in the results of the VEM tests between the first and second neuropsychological assessments of the patients. However, a statistical difference was evident between the patient and control groups in the results of the VEM tests. Conclusion: The patient group showed changes in the VEM relative to the control group. After approximately 4.5 years of disease, the patient performance on the VEM stabilized or improved.
RESUMO Objetivo: Neste estudo, propomos a caracterização da Memória Episódica Verbal (MEV) basal e o seu comportamento após o período de 4,5 anos de doença, a fim de avaliar o efeito da EMRR neste domínio. Métodos: Vinte e nove pacientes com EMRR foram submetidos a duas avaliações neuropsicológicas realizadas entre um intervalo de tempo médio de 4,5 anos. Vinte e seis controles foram submetidos à avaliação neuropsicológica única. Considerou-se nível de significância p <0,005 para delinear diferença significante entre os grupos nas análises estatísticas Mann Whitney e Wilcoxon pareado. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística nos resultados dos testes de MEV entre a primeira e segunda avaliação neuropsicológica realizada pelos pacientes. Houve discrepância estatística nos resultados dos testes de MEV entre o grupo dos pacientes e controles. Conclusão: O grupo de pacientes apresentou alterações de MEV quando comparado aos controles. Após 4,5 anos aproximadamente os pacientes estabilizaram ou melhoraram seu desempenho em MEV.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/complications , Memory, Episodic , Memory Disorders/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/physiopathology , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective Cognitive dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis. The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) was developed to assess cognitive functions most-frequently impaired in multiple sclerosis. However, normative values are lacking in Brazil. Therefore, we aimed to provide continuous and discrete normative values for the BRB-N in a Brazilian population sample. Methods We recruited 285 healthy individuals from the community at 10 Brazilian sites and applied the BRB-N version A in 237 participants and version B in 48 participants. Continuous norms were calculated with multiple-regression analysis. Results Mean raw scores and the 5th percentile for each neuropsychological measure are provided, stratified by age and educational level. Healthy participants' raw scores were converted to scaled scores, which were regressed on age, sex and education, yielding equations that can be used to calculate predicted scores. Conclusion Our normative data allow a more widespread use of the BRB-N in clinical practice and research.
RESUMO Objetivo Disfunção cognitiva é comum em pacientes com esclerose múltipla. Por isto, a Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) foi desenvolvida para avaliar as funções cognitivas mais frequentemente alteradas na doença. Entretanto, estão faltando dados normativos desta bateria no Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi fornecer valores normativos contínuos e discretos da BRB-N para a população brasileira. Métodos Foram recrutados 285 indivíduos sadios da comunidade em 10 centros do Brasil e aplicada a versão A em 237 e a versão B em 48 sujeitos. Normas contínuas foram calculadas com análise de regressão múltipla. Resultados Escores brutos médios e 5°percentil para cada subteste são fornecidos, estratificados por idade e nível educacional. Os escores brutos dos sujeitos sadios foram convertidos em escores de escalas e postos em regressão quanto a idade, sexo e educação, fornecendo equações que podem ser usadas para calcular escores previsíveis. Conclusão Nossos dados normativos permitem um uso mais amplo da BRB-N na prática clínica e na pesquisa, fornecendo normas para dados discretos e contínuos. Normas para dados discretos deveriam ser usadas com cuidado e escores demograficamente ajustados são geralmente preferidos quando interpretando dados neuropsicológicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Cognition/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Reference Standards , Reference Values , Brazil , Sex Factors , Regression Analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Age Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Educational Status , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Executive functions (EFs) regulate human behavior and allow individuals to interact and act in the world. EFs are sensitive to sociodemographic variables such as age, which promotes their decline, and to others that can exert a neuroprotective effect. OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive role of education, occupation and family income on decline in executive functions among a sample with a wide age range. METHODS: A total of 925 participants aged 18-89 years with 1-28 years' education were submitted to assessment of executive functions using the Card Sorting Test (CST), Phonemic Verbal Fluency (FAS) Task and Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) Task. Data on income, occupation and educational level were collected for the sample. The data were analyzed using Linear Regression, as well as Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation. RESULTS: Age showed a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) with performance on the CST, FAS and SVF, whereas education, income and occupation were positively associated (p<0.001) with the tasks applied. After application of the multivariate linear regression model, a significant positive relationship with the FAS was maintained only for education (p<0.001) and income (p<0.001). The negative relationship of age (p<0.001) and positive relationship of both education (p<0.001) and income (p<0.001and p=0.003) were evident on the CST and SVF. CONCLUSION: Educational level and income positively influenced participants' results on executive function tests, attenuating expected decline for age. However, no relationship was found between occupation and the cognitive variables investigated.
Funções executivas regulam o comportamento humano e permitem ao indivíduo interagir e agir no mundo. Elas são sensíveis a variáveis sociodemográficas como a idade, que promove seu declínio, e a outras que podem ter ação neuroprotetora. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel preditivo da escolaridade, atividade ocupacional e renda familiar sobre o declínio das funções executivas em uma amostra de ampla variação de idade. MÉTODOS: 925 participantes saudáveis com idades de 18 a 89 anos e escolaridade de 1 a 28 anos foram submetidos ao exame de funções executivas com uma Tarefa de Classificação de Cartas (TCC) e de Fluência Verbal nominal (FVN) e semântica (FVS). Foram obtidas a renda, atividade ocupacional e escolaridade da amostra. Os dados foram analisados com Regressão Linear, Correlação Pearson e Spearman. RESULTADOS: Idade apresentou correlação significativa (p<0,001) negativa com o desempenho em TCC, FVN e FVS, enquanto educação, renda e ocupação se relacionaram de forma positiva (p<0,001) com as tarefas utilizadas. Após modelo de regressão linear multivariada, apenas educação (p<0,001)e renda (p<0,001) mantiveram relação significativa positiva com FVN. A relação negativa da idade (p<0,001) e positiva de educação (p<0,001) e renda (p<0,001 e p=0,003) foi evidente em TCC e FVS. CONCLUSÃO: Escolaridade e renda influenciaram positivamente os resultados dos participantes nos testes de função executiva, tendo um efeito contrário ao declínio esperado para a idade. Por outro lado a ocupação não manteve relação com as variáveis cognitivas.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Executive functions (EFs) regulate human behavior and allow individuals to interact and act in the world. EFs are sensitive to sociodemographic variables such as age, which promotes their decline, and to others that can exert a neuroprotective effect. Objective: To assess the predictive role of education, occupation and family income on decline in executive functions among a sample with a wide age range. Methods: A total of 925 participants aged 18-89 years with 1-28 years' education were submitted to assessment of executive functions using the Card Sorting Test (CST), Phonemic Verbal Fluency (FAS) Task and Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) Task. Data on income, occupation and educational level were collected for the sample. The data were analyzed using Linear Regression, as well as Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation. Results: Age showed a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) with performance on the CST, FAS and SVF, whereas education, income and occupation were positively associated (p<0.001) with the tasks applied. After application of the multivariate linear regression model, a significant positive relationship with the FAS was maintained only for education (p<0.001) and income (p<0.001). The negative relationship of age (p<0.001) and positive relationship of both education (p<0.001) and income (p<0.001 and p=0.003) were evident on the CST and SVF. Conclusion: Educational level and income positively influenced participants' results on executive function tests, attenuating expected decline for age. However, no relationship was found between occupation and the cognitive variables investigated.
RESUMO Funções executivas regulam o comportamento humano e permitem ao indivíduo interagir e agir no mundo. Elas são sensíveis a variáveis sociodemográficas como a idade, que promove seu declínio, e a outras que podem ter ação neuroprotetora. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel preditivo da escolaridade, atividade ocupacional e renda familiar sobre o declínio das funções executivas em uma amostra de ampla variação de idade. Métodos: 925 participantes saudáveis com idades de 18 a 89 anos e escolaridade de 1 a 28 anos foram submetidos ao exame de funções executivas com uma Tarefa de Classificação de Cartas (TCC) e de Fluência Verbal nominal (FVN) e semântica (FVS). Foram obtidas a renda, atividade ocupacional e escolaridade da amostra. Os dados foram analisados com Regressão Linear, Correlação Pearson e Spearman. Resultados: Idade apresentou correlação significativa (p<0,001) negativa com o desempenho em TCC, FVN e FVS, enquanto educação, renda e ocupação se relacionaram de forma positiva (p<0,001) com as tarefas utilizadas. Após modelo de regressão linear multivariada, apenas educação (p<0,001)e renda (p<0,001) mantiveram relação significativa positiva com FVN. A relação negativa da idade (p<0,001) e positiva de educação (p<0,001) e renda (p<0,001 e p=0,003) foi evidente em TCC e FVS. Conclusão: Escolaridade e renda influenciaram positivamente os resultados dos participantes nos testes de função executiva, tendo um efeito contrário ao declínio esperado para a idade. Por outro lado a ocupação não manteve relação com as variáveis cognitivas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Socioeconomic Factors , Aging , Executive FunctionABSTRACT
Objective:The objective of this study was to describe the performance of healthy elderly patients with aging-related pathologies (MCI) and patients with AD on a lexical decision test.Methods:The study included 38 healthy elderly subjects, 61 MCI and 26 AD patients from the Neurology Department of the Hospital das Clinicas, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Group. The neuropsychological instruments included the episodic memory test (RAVLT), subtests from the WAIS-III (Matrix Reasoning and Vocabulary) to determine estimated IQ, the Boston naming test (BNT) and Lexical Decision Test (LDT).Results:All groups differed on the MMSE, as expected according to their pathologies, memory tests, naming and estimated IQ. For the vocabulary and the LDT - measures of crystalized intelligence no differences were found.Conclusion:The LDT demonstrated that lexical decision can be used as a measure of pre-morbid IQ among the individuals assessed in a Brazilian sample.
Objetivo:O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o desempenho de idosos saudáveis, idosos com patologias relacionadas ao envelhecimento (CCL) e de idosos com DA, em teste de decisão lexical.Métodos:Participaram 38 idosos saudáveis, 61 CCL e 26 DA, atendidos no Setor de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas (GNCC) e do Centro de Referência em Distúrbios Cognitivos (CEREDIC). Os instrumentos neuropsicológicos incluíram teste de memória episódica (RAVLT), Subtestes do WAIS-III (Vocabulário e Raciocínio Matricial) para estabelecer QI estimado, teste de nomeação (BNT) e o Teste de Decisão Lexical (TDL).Resultados:Todos os grupos diferiram quanto ao MEEM, de acordo com o esperado para as patologias, para os testes de memória, para a nomeação e o QI estimado. No caso do vocabulário e do TDL - medidas de inteligência cristalizada não apresentaram diferença.Conclusão:O TDL permitiu que se mostrasse que a decisão lexical pode ser uma medida de QI pré-mórbido nos indivíduos avaliados em uma amostra da população brasileira.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease , LanguageABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite growing literature on posterior vascular disease, specific information about the cognitive and functional profiles of patients with basilar artery occlusion disease (BAOD) is scarce. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the cognitive statuses of BAOD survivors versus healthy controls and (2) to correlate the functional capacity outcomes with the cognitive profiles of BAOD patients. METHODS: Comprehensive cognitive and functional assessments were carried out in 28 patients with BAOD and 27 age- and education level-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Compared to matched controls, patients presented impairments in selective, sustained, and set-shifting attention, processing speed, visuospatial skills, mental flexibility, and monitoring rules. There were significant deficits in verbal episodic memory (immediate and delayed recall) and visuospatial episodic memory (immediate and delayed recall and recognition). Functional capacity outcomes were significantly related to the cognitive test results. Seventy-five percent of patients had a Modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate good functional outcomes in a selected group of BAOD survivors, despite the presence of subnormal performance on some cognitive tests, including tests of attention, executive function, and long-term memory.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Executive Function/physiology , Mental Recall/physiology , Schizophrenic Psychology , Stroke/complications , Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency/complications , Adult , Aged , Attention/physiology , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Stroke/physiopathology , Stroke/psychology , Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency/physiopathology , Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency/psychologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the performance of healthy elderly patients with aging-related pathologies (MCI) and patients with AD on a lexical decision test. METHODS: The study included 38 healthy elderly subjects, 61 MCI and 26 AD patients from the Neurology Department of the Hospital das Clinicas, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Group. The neuropsychological instruments included the episodic memory test (RAVLT), subtests from the WAIS-III (Matrix Reasoning and Vocabulary) to determine estimated IQ, the Boston naming test (BNT) and Lexical Decision Test (LDT). RESULTS: All groups differed on the MMSE, as expected according to their pathologies, memory tests, naming and estimated IQ. For the vocabulary and the LDT - measures of crystalized intelligence no differences were found. CONCLUSION: The LDT demonstrated that lexical decision can be used as a measure of pre-morbid IQ among the individuals assessed in a Brazilian sample.
OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o desempenho de idosos saudáveis, idosos com patologias relacionadas ao envelhecimento (CCL) e de idosos com DA, em teste de decisão lexical. MÉTODOS: Participaram 38 idosos saudáveis, 61 CCL e 26 DA, atendidos no Setor de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas (GNCC) e do Centro de Referência em Distúrbios Cognitivos (CEREDIC). Os instrumentos neuropsicológicos incluíram teste de memória episódica (RAVLT), Subtestes do WAIS-III (Vocabulário e Raciocínio Matricial) para estabelecer QI estimado, teste de nomeação (BNT) e o Teste de Decisão Lexical (TDL). RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos diferiram quanto ao MEEM, de acordo com o esperado para as patologias, para os testes de memória, para a nomeação e o QI estimado. No caso do vocabulário e do TDL medidas de inteligência cristalizada não apresentaram diferença. CONCLUSÃO: O TDL permitiu que se mostrasse que a decisão lexical pode ser uma medida de QI pré-mórbido nos indivíduos avaliados em uma amostra da população brasileira.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The Trail Making Test (TMT) and Stroop Test (ST) are attention tests widely used in clinical practice and research. The aim of this study was to provide normative data for the adult Brazilian population and to study the influence of gender, age and education on the TMT parts A and B, and ST cards A, B and C. METHODS: We recruited 1447 healthy subjects aged ?18 years with an educational level of 0-25 years who were native speakers of Portuguese (Brazilian). The subjects were evaluated by the Matrix Reasoning and Vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III, along with the TMTA, TMTB and ST A, B and C. RESULTS: Among the participants, mean intellectual efficiency was 103.20 (SD:12.0), age 41.0 (SD:16.4) years and education 11.9 (SD:5.6) years. There were significant differences between genders on the TMTA (p=0.002), TMTB (p=0.017) and STC (p=0.024). Age showed a positive correlation with all attention tests, whereas education showed a negative correlation. Gender was not found to be significant on the multiple linear regression model, but age and education maintained their interference. CONCLUSION: Gender did not have the major impact on attentional tasks observed for age and education, both of which should be considered in the stratification of normative samples.
OBJETIVO: Os testes de atenção Trail Making Test (TMT) e Stroop Test (ST) são largamente usados na prática clínica e em pesquisas. O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer informação normativa para a população brasileira de adultos e estudar a interferência de gênero, idade e educação no TMT parte A e B e no ST cartão A, B e C. MÉTODOS: Recrutamos 1447 sujeitos saudáveis com idade ?18 anos, nível educacional de 0-25 anos, falantes nativos do Português (Brasil). Os sujeitos foram avaliados pelos subtestes do Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Raciocínio Matricial e Vocabulários, além do TMTA, TMTB e ST A, B e C. RESULTADOS: Entre os participantes a média de eficiência intelectual foi de 103,20 (SD:12,0), de idade 41,0 (SD:16,4) anos e de escolaridade 11,9 (SD: 5,6) anos. Houve diferenças significantes por gênero em TMTA (p=0,002), TMTB (p=0,017) e STC (p=0,024). Idade se correlacionou de modo positivo com todos os testes de atenção, enquanto a escolaridade correlacionou-se de modo negativo. Após o modelo de regressão linear múltipla o gênero não manteve correlação significativa, mas idade e escolaridade mantiveram sua interferência. CONCLUSÃO: O gênero não mostrou grande impacto nas tarefas atencionais como a idade e escolaridade que devem, portanto, ser consideradas na estratificação de amostras normativas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Attention , Trail Making Test , Demography , Stroop TestABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The Trail Making Test (TMT) and Stroop Test (ST) are attention tests widely used in clinical practice and research. The aim of this study was to provide normative data for the adult Brazilian population and to study the influence of gender, age and education on the TMT parts A and B, and ST cards A, B and C. METHODS: We recruited 1447 healthy subjects aged ≥18 years with an educational level of 0-25 years who were native speakers of Portuguese (Brazilian). The subjects were evaluated by the Matrix Reasoning and Vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III, along with the TMTA, TMTB and ST A, B and C. RESULTS: Among the participants, mean intellectual efficiency was 103.20 (SD: 12.0), age 41.0 (SD: 16.4) years and education 11.9 (SD: 5.6) years. There were significant differences between genders on the TMTA (p=0.002), TMTB (p=0.017) and STC (p=0.024). Age showed a positive correlation with all attention tests, whereas education showed a negative correlation. Gender was not found to be significant on the multiple linear regression model, but age and education maintained their interference. CONCLUSION: Gender did not have the major impact on attentional tasks observed for age and education, both of which should be considered in the stratification of normative samples.
OBJETIVO: Os testes de atenção Trail Making Test (TMT) e Stroop Test (ST) são largamente usados na prática clínica e em pesquisas. O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer informação normativa para a população brasileira de adultos e estudar a interferência de gênero, idade e educação no TMT parte A e B e no ST cartão A, B e C. MÉTODOS: Recrutamos 1447 sujeitos saudáveis com idade ≥18 anos, nível educacional de 0-25 anos, falantes nativos do Português (Brasil). Os sujeitos foram avaliados pelos subtestes do Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Raciocínio Matricial e Vocabulários, além do TMTA, TMTB e ST A, B e C. RESULTADOS: Entre os participantes a média de eficiência intelectual foi de 103,20 (SD: 12,0), de idade 41,0 (SD: 16,4) anos e de escolaridade 11,9 (SD: 5,6) anos. Houve diferenças significantes por gênero em TMTA (p=0,002), TMTB (p=0,017) e STC (p=0,024). Idade se correlacionou de modo positivo com todos os testes de atenção, enquanto a escolaridade correlacionou-se de modo negativo. Após o modelo de regressão linear múltipla o gênero não manteve correlação significativa, mas idade e escolaridade mantiveram sua interferência. CONCLUSÃO: O gênero não mostrou grande impacto nas tarefas atencionais como a idade e escolaridade que devem, portanto, ser consideradas na estratificação de amostras normativas.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Memory, Episodic , Neuropsychological Tests , Verbal Learning/physiology , Brazil , Educational Status , Reference Values , Reproducibility of ResultsSubject(s)
Memory, Episodic , Neuropsychological Tests , Verbal Learning/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introdução: O envelhecimento pode ocasionar alterações cognitivas e comportamentais. Considerando-se o alto índice de envelhecimento populacional brasileiro, faz-se importante a implementação de estratégias a fim de proporcionar uma melhor qualidade de vida para esta população. Objetivo: Investigar o funcionamento cognitivo de idosos saudáveis praticantes e não-praticantes de Ioga. Método: Foram avaliados 20 participantes divididos igualmente em dois grupos: praticantes e não-praticantes de Ioga. Resultados: A partir da análise das médias de percentis e desvios-padrão dos resultados dos dois grupos nas funções avaliadas, verifica-se que não houve diferença expressiva entre o desempenho dos dois grupos. Contudo, o grupo de praticantes apresentou média de percentis consideravelmente maior que o outro grupo em memória episódica verbal de evocação imediata e funcionamento intelectual. Conclusão: Os achados do estudo, indicando melhora nestas funções, são corroborados pela literatura(AU)
Introduction: Aging may cause cognitive and behavioral alterations. Considering the high rate of aging in Brazilian population, it is important to implement strategies to provide this population with better quality of life. Objective: To investigate the cognitive functioning of healthy elderly practitioners and non-practitioners of Yoga. Method: A total of 20 participants was divided into two groups: practitioners and non-practitioners of Yoga. Results: Based on the analysis of average of percentiles and standard deviations of the two groups results concerning evaluated cognitive functions, it appears that there was no significant difference between the performances of the groups. However, the group of practitioners had an average of percentile considerably higher than the other group in immediate recall verbal episodic memory and intellectual functioning. Conclusion: The findings of the study, that indicate an improvement in these functions are supported by the literature(AU)
